Kushks (pavilions) and Kakhs (palaces) are significant edifices in Iranian architecture, holding particular importance during the Qajar period. One of the key and distinctive elements of these structures is the Iwan (porch), which features numerous columns. Although the primary function of a column is load transfer, it also serves a decorative purpose and exhibits diverse forms. Through an examination of the column capitals in Qajar-era palaces and pavilions, their formal variations can be categorized. This research seeks to investigate the column capitals of Qajar-era palace and pavilion Iwan porches in order to answer the following questions: 1) From a geometric perspective, what architectural types of column capitals can be classified for Qajar-era Iwan porches? 2) What are the differences between the column capitals of pavilion Iwan porches and palace Iwan porches? 3) What decorations are used on the column capitals of palace and pavilion Iwan porches? 4) Considering that the Qajar period can be divided into early, middle, and late phases, what are the differences in column capitals across these mentioned periods? This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying and typologizing the column capitals of Qajar-era pavilion and palace Iwan porches, employing a descriptive-analytical method and field studies on 25 sample column capitals in various cities, with a focus on typology emphasizing geometry

Keywords: Typology, Column capital, Iwan, Qajar period

     

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