2026-07-16T23:28:15+03:30 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=47&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

47-1495 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 saeid Hasanpour Loumer stu.saeidhasanpourloumer@iaut.ac.ir Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi ahadebrahimi@tabriziau.ac.ir Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi sattari@iaut.ac.ir Ali VandShoari vandshoari@tabriziau.ac.ir Semiotics is a science that deals with understanding the concepts and meanings effective in the formation of symbols. Signs and symbols play an essential role in the creation of works of art and human life. By presenting his three-dimensional model for the sign structure, Charles Sanders Peirce caused a great transformation in the knowledge of semiotics. Peirce's semiotics examines the decoding, what and why of the formation of signs and finding the meanings in human life in the majority of symbols and signs. The city of Masouleh has a thousand years of history. This historical city is located in Fuman with an area of more than 16 hectares in the western end of the Alborz mountain range of Talash heights at an altitude of 1050 meters above the sea level. Masouleh was registered in the list of national works of Iran in 1975 and is in the final stages of the UNESCO world registration. The unique architecture of this stepped city, which has a variety of arrays, has attracted many foreign and domestic tourists every year. The historical city of Masouleh has various architectural arrays that consist of different symbols and signs. The upcoming research is trying to deal with the concepts that form the architectural arrays of the historical city of Masouleh based on field studies and the use of Peirce's semiotic theory. The research questions are as follows: Are the architectural arrays of the historical city classified on several levels based on Peirce's semiotics? What meanings have been effective in the formation of Masouleh arrays? The research results show that the architectural arrays of Masouleh being classified in the levels of Girih tiling, Ghavarebari, carving, arches and Muqarnas, plastering, tiling, Evil Eye, calligraphy, mosaic-work and mirror work, have been formed in this city for many centuries according to Peirce's semiotic concepts based on religious beliefs, social and cultural concepts of Masouleh. Iconic symbols are used in the religious buildings of Masouleh in order to honor the Islamic concepts in a limited way, mostly in plant and animal forms, and they are used to create a spiritual, threatening and evangelizing atmosphere. Also, the symbolic signs of Masouleh arrays refer to sacred numbers with hopeful meanings, guiding servants by divine light, attributes of God, sanctity and respect for Four Elements in ancient Iranian culture, and being safe from negative and evil energies. array symbol semiotics Masouleh 2025 10 01 1 18 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1495-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.170.3

47-1434 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Alireza Sheikhi a.sheikhi@art.ac.ir Atefeh BadieeGavarti a.badiei92@gmail.com Decoration is an integral and key part of Islamic architecture, and Iranian minarets of the 11th and 12th centuries CE areuniquely characterized among others by ornamental brickwork. The tradition of brickwork decoration, with its earliest attestations in the 8th and 9th centuries CE, would climax in the Saljuq and Ghaznavid periods, notably in Greater Khorasan. Itmanifestsitself starkly in the lofty shafts of minarets used for navigational purposes.Saljuqbuilders pioneered the richest decorationson walls and coverings, ceilings and minarets, with their foremost attainment being the :union: of revetment (āmoud) withmainstructure. The present paperexplores decorations ofthe minaret towersin historical Khorasan, with the scope of the research narrowed down to the Ghaznavid and Saljuq examples. Adopting aqualitative approach,it represents a descriptive, analytical and historical research. Hence, the decorations and functions of the major minarets from theconcerned timespan, viz.Minaret of, Mil-e Ayāz at Sang Bast, Minaret of Khowsrogerdin Sabzevar, Minaret of Firuzabad in Bardaskan, and Minaret of Keratin Taybad, wereanalyzed technically and visually.The theoretical framework rests on examining the brick ornamentations of the minarets. Data were collected through library research but also more importantly through fieldwork, which involved photography and field documentation. Drawing on the findings of the study, the structure of the minarets is divisible into four general parts: thecap, shaft, base, and sharafe (or ambulatory).Brick is the sole masonry used, and theattested decorative techniques include variousbrickbond layouts as well as inscriptions. Each structural part almost unvaryingly shows specific sets of ornaments. Hence, intricatebrickwork geometric patterns (golandazes)occur on the cap, bannaiKufic inscriptions on thesharafe,brick bond patterns,hamils, and a “compass arrow” on the shaft, and bonds of seven courses on the base. The ornamental brickworks of the Ghaznavid and Saljuq periodshave not yet been subject of a serious scholarship, and the related art represented on the minarets of Khorasan remains unintroducedas yet. Anappraisal of the decorations will bring to light a further aspect of the Ghaznavid and Saljuq artistic traditions that can inspire contemporary architecture. This paper addresses the following two questions: What are the structure and visual attributes of the brick ornaments on the minarets of Aiaz, Kerat, Firuzababd and Khowsrogard in Khorasan? What are the shared and differentiating factors in the visual ornaments of the Ghaznavid and Saljuq minarets in Khorasan? Khorasan Ghaznavid Saljuq minaret decorations 2025 10 01 19 34 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1434-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.1387.6

47-1462 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Somayeh Omidvari s.omidvari@sau.ac.ir fatemeh faghih ffkhorasani@gmail.com Soil is one of the natural materials that is cheap, easily available and used in many parts of the world. Generally, in architecture soil is used in different methods in combination with water and other materials. This earthen material operates generally in three different building systems, including Masonry systems, monolithic systems, and filler systems. One of the most important systems in earthen structures have been the monolithic or integrated systems in which architectural and mortar elements act as integrated and are interconnected. Execution technique of rammed earth among different soil techniques is one of the monolithic building systems that allow constructing strong structural walls by pouring the soil in wooden or metal molds and ramming it. This technique has become popular in many parts of the world, especially in Europe. In the process of constructing buildings with rammed earth, has been one of the most important issues to identify and assessing suitable soil for aggregate and appropriate moisture for ramming and shaping the wall. Although many studies have tried to provide a specific ratio and percentage of aggregate and optimal moisture, but due to the nature of soil materials which is different from other new materials and the soil of each region has special and different characteristics, therefore providing definite percentages is not possible to guide the builders of each region for proper execution of this technique. In order to identify the appropriate soil and optimal moisture in the rammed earth technique, various tests are suggested, that by performing these tests on local soil can help the builders to accurately identify the soil and optimal moisture. This paper, based on the empirical-field research method and library studies, an attempt has been made to provide appropriate solutions for assessing suitable soil for rammed earth walls.   Soil Structure Rammed Earth Diagnostic Tests Soil Aggregate Optimum Moisture 2025 10 01 35 50 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1462-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.1856.3

47-1439 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Nastaran Moradiani architect.nastaran.moradiani@gmail.com Hamed Hayaty hamedhayaty@yahoo.com The history and past of Iran's architecture is tied to various patterns and geometric motifs, as geometric motifs have been used to create decorative arrays of buildings and cities. Ahvaz city is one of the cities that has houses with decorative arrays in its old structure. These arrays at the entrance of the buildings and the internal and external walls of the buildings are often of the brick type, which act as the side shell of the building and are made of a variety of geometric motifs and changes in the pattern of the arrangement of bricks. The brick decorations of Ahvaz houses are valuable in terms of studies. The most important research questions are, "How many types are the geometric patterns of the brick decorations of Ahvaz houses divided into?" and "What is the frequency of each type of decoration, separately for internal and external walls?" Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the geometric patterns in the decorations of Ahvaz houses, and at the same time, the question raised in the research is answered. The research method is a combination of survey and historical-interpretive methods. The information has been collected through library and personal studies. The data test is based on Vicor's analytical method. The sample population consists of identified Qajar and Pahlavi period houses with brick decorations that are weighted by Shannon-entropy method, then the information obtained from the sample population survey was analyzed using statistical software and the Victor method. Finally, with logical analysis, it is concluded that the decorations of the Ahvaz houses, like their bodies, are in accordance with the climate and have visual and structural diversity. The decorative arrays of Ahvaz houses are more than beautiful, with diversity and functions such as air conditioning, easy passage for passers-by outside the house, spatial privacy in the house, creating more surface on the upper floors, creating shade on the walls and dissipating heat, preventing rain from falling on a part of the house. The facade of the building is to create variety of colors and variety of decoration and variety of form. It was also concluded that criteria such as geometric patterns, type of decoration, proportions, ratio of decoration to the wall, relationships and their arrangement can be used to measure decorations. geometric patterns brick decorations Ahvaz houses Qajar architecture Pahlavi architecture 2025 10 01 51 72 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1439-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.2361.1

47-1512 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Hamid Salimi hamid.salimi@ut.ac.ir Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad sarafadaei@ut.ac.ir Although the integrated conservation and development approach has a comprehensive concept, it is still exposed to the dual challenges of "conservation" and "development", which itself indicates structural weaknesses in this approach. One of the most important of these weaknesses is the neglect of communities in managing changes caused by conservation and development and the ability of the community, especially the local community, to integrate conservation and development. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to achieve the conceptual framework of community-led conservation and development, and achieving it requires answering the question, what are the principles and effective components in the approaches of "integrated conservation and development" and "public participation"? And how can their combination be the basis for creating a single approach in urban heritage management? According to the questions raised, this article adopts a qualitative method and is structured based on previous researches and theories. The previous studies were organized and presented in the form of a conceptual framework, through the strategy of logical reasoning and by linking the identified components of the three variables "integrated conservation and development", "participatory planning" and "participatory conservation". The achievement of this research is to present a community-led conservation and development framework that includes community participation criteria under the four principles of integrated conservation and development approach. Based on this, the principles of this framework require 1- recognizing the value and semantic importance of heritage through redefining the characteristics, empowering local people and emphasizing non-specialized knowledge; 2- Adhering to the principles of managing historical cities by ensuring feasibility, local supervision and increasing responsibility in urban management; 3- Adhering to the goals of sustainable development by reducing the inequalities of social development, promoting social interactions and restoring vitality to the historical urban context, and finally 4- Resolving the conflicts of conservation and development by creating a dialogue between stakeholders, balancing policies in the decision-making framework and integrating conservation and The development will be by the needs, issues and problems of the society.   Community-led Conservation and Development Participatory Planning Urban Heritage Management Participatory Conservation and Development Integrated Conservation and Development 2025 10 01 73 92 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1512-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.707.2

47-1490 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Mehdi Asgharkhah Farkhani mahdi.asgharkhah@gmail.com Bahram Shahedi bshahedi@yahoo.com Mohsen Afshari m.afshary@aui.ac.ir Seyedeh Pourandokht Saadati p.saadati@khuisf.ac.ir The space of apartment houses has quality features that affect the satisfaction of the residents, so it is necessary to measure the preferences of the spatial features of apartment houses. Therefore, the goals of this research are to identify the preferences of spatial features in apartment houses and to analyze their importance from the point of view of experts and residents in Bandar Abbas city. This research is based on the combined qualitative-quantitative method. In the body of the research, both library and field methods were used, and in the library method, books, documents, and theses were studied, and in the field method, data collection as well as interview and preparation of questionnaire have been done. On the one hand, the research process includes the stages of compiling a theoretical basis and Delphi method, and on the other hand, it also includes stages such as designed questionnaires and analysis of the resulting data by statistical methods, in order to obtain the preferences of the spatial features of apartment houses. In order to measure the importance of each of the spatial features of the housing, according to experts, the Delphi method was used. According to the experts' point of view, the existence and non-existence of spatial features in the study were evaluated and classified. After checking the library resources, 28 spatial features were identified. These spatial features are: "flexibility", "spatial hierarchy", "spatial relations", "guidance", "proportion and scale of space", "spatial distinction", "spaciousness", "spatial opening", "space dynamics", "space coziness", "spatial separation", "spatial combination", "spatial diversity", "space nostalgia" and "harmony and balance". Regarding the research, two neighborhoods with a history of apartment living, Golshahr North and Nazarabad in Bandar Abbas city, were investigated and according to Karjesi and Morgan's table, 333 households were questioned with a questionnaire of spatial features preferences. To check the validity of the questionnaire, construct validity was used using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability. The comparison of column and line graphs of average spatial importance between experts and residents shows that in most cases there is a difference of opinion between the views of residents and experts in the field of housing in Bandar Abbas city. For example, except for the feature of "spatial combination" which is a consensus between residents and experts, and the average importance of the feature of "space nostalgia", the opinion of experts was lower than that of residents; In the rest of the cases, the opinion of the residents has shown a lower degree of importance.   Preferences Spatial features apartment houses Bandar Abbas city. 2025 10 01 93 110 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1490-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.1004.9

47-1520 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Abbas armantalab.abbas@gmail.com t_hatami@uma.ac.ir mahsaaa_1436@yahoo.com nimagosili1381@gmail.com Until now, patients' subjective well-being in the process of treatment has gained considerable attention in scientific research. In therapeutic environments, beside a set of effective factors on patients' subjective well-being, the architectural design of the therapeutic centers is also significant. Architectural designing of therapeutic centers and hospitals are remarkable because of their important role in health, hygiene and healing of community. Designer’s ignorance of the factors related to the well-being of the patients in hospital designing may cause some dysfunctional behaviors and additionally slow down the healing process of the patients. A sense of well-being is a sort of emotional state accompanied with a number of internal and external variables. The aim of the authors working on this subject includes those parts of the factors related to architecture, designed type, and environmental quality which are effective in enhancing the patients' well-being. Therefore, this research seeks to answer this question:" what are the mental components related to architecture in promoting the Subjective Well-being of patients in hospital design? With this motivation, the following case study used Q methodology to identify the effective factors of hospital architectural design in enhancing patients' subjective well-being. Q method is an exploratory approach that combines qualitative and quantitative techniques. At first, the psychoanalysis, performed by means of Q methodology was executed on the staff with more than ten years working experiences. Then, the obtained results were compared, revealing the presence of two important effective factors at Razi Hospital of Rasht, Iran. Identifying the subjectivity of the staff of a therapeutic environment due to its direct and long term relationship with patients and also discovering the patients’ subjectivity, is an abundant source of identifying those factors that can be effective in decreasing the anxieties and enhancing the well-being of the patients. Razi Hospital of Rasht, has been selected as a case study for this research. Many reasons including: The problems related to the well-being of the patients in this hospital, the easy accessibility of the place, and a sense of cooperation among the staff of the hospital led the author to select Razi Hospital as a case in this study. Results showed thah, one group of staff considered issues related to the visual quality of hospital architectural environment as the effective factors enhancing patient’s subjective well-being. In contrast, the other group who had a functional mindset, considered the physical concern of the hospital environments as far more important factors. Consensus the agreed and distinguishing statements between the two groups of staff, the study also revealed correspondences and contrasts between the different groups. The present study has been conducted to attract the therapeutic center designer’s attention about the necessity of enhancing the subjective well-being of patients by hospital architectural design. Designers’ attention of the factors of patients’ subjective well-being, of factors agreed upon by the audiences of the research, and also, of the statements disagreed upon by the different groups will lead in enhancing the level of subjective well-being and will accelerate the process of healing in patients.   Q methodology Subjective Well-being Architectural Design Rasht Razi Hospital 2025 10 01 111 126 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1520-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.2372.2

47-1500 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi 2025 15 43 Zahra Kianpour z.kianpour78@yahoo.com Zahra Zartoshti Ilbeygi zartoshti1374@gmail.com Mehran Karahmadi m.karahmadi@ashrafi.ac.ir Public buildings express the characteristics and spirit of a society and are influenced by the environment. In fact, buildings that belong to the public cannot be a matter of taste and present a specific style. The architecture of the public buildings of every city, according to the cultural, social, religious identity and climatic conditions, has specific methods of native architecture, which is known as traditional architecture. Also, modern architecture is the beginning of a movement from the 20th century. The use of both traditional and modern architectural styles in buildings have their own advantages, and it is better to choose the middle way and by combining traditional and modern architecture, give a unique expression to the structure of the building. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of traditional Iranian architecture on late modern architecture on the public buildings of Isfahan city during the second Pahlavi period. The research method of this research is through descriptive-analytical methods and case sample strategy. The method of collecting information is in the form of library studies (documents and case samples) and field studies (observation). The general results of this research, in relation to the architectural style of public buildings in Isfahan city, is that despite the influence of modern architecture, the style of all public buildings was a combination of traditional Iranian architecture and late modern architecture, which is most likely the historical and cultural identity. The city of Isfahan, the presence of the dominant materials of Isfahan city, such as brick, the use of traditional architecture (Isfahani style) by skilled Isfahani craftsmen in their works.   Second Pahlavi Late modern architecture Traditional architecture of Iran (Esfahani style) Public buildings Esfahan city 2025 10 01 127 140 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1500-en.pdf 10.52547/mmi.2447.1