2026-07-16T23:32:43+03:30 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=14&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

14-1522 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي معین falaki moeinfalaki@yahoo.com Farshid Iravani Ghadim Iravanline@aui.ac.ir Bahram Ajorloo Ajorloo@tabriziau.ac.ir Hamed Tahmasebi zaveh Hamed.tahmasebizave@yahoo.com Ali SADEGHI Alisadeghi@geo.ui.ac.ir Investigating graves, traditions and burial methods, in order to know and understand the culture, beliefs and practices of a society, can be considered as one of the main sources and methods in relation to the knowledge of cultural and religious aspects in different periods. In many cases, archaeologists have been able to recover and recognize a period or a society by examining and identifying graves. The unwritten life of the hidden corners of the ancient people can sometimes be told from the study of the graves, which is somehow related to their beliefs and rituals. Burial methods in every era, culture and society have been a reflection of their beliefs. In the meantime, the people of BMAC culture were not exempted from this rule and had their own burial traditions and buried the dead. The problem of this research is to determine the types and methods of burial related to the BMAC culture. Based on this, the questions are raised as follows: 1- Burials of BMAC culture can be introduced in the form of how many types? 2- Burials of the BMAC culture have been identified in which areas? 3- How can the distribution of BMAC culture burials be explained and analyzed? The research method is descriptive and analytical and library studies. The results of the research show that the burials of the BMAC culture are in the form of five types: Shaft, pit, Cist, Chamber, and Jar burial, which have been identified from settlements in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran. Also, there is a direct and meaningful connection between the types of burials and the structure of social classes in the BMAC culture.   BMAC Culture Typology burial structural structure. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1522-en.docx ‎ ‎ 10.52547/mmi.2489.14031130

14-1499 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Mahmoud poursarrajian poursarrajian@yazd.ac.ir Conservation and development of historical places is a commitment that is formed under the two psychological feelings of place dependence and place attachment. Place attachment forms "need-oriented" and "place-oriented" commitment, which relies on standard and expert values, and place attachment leads to "emotion-oriented" and "human-oriented" commitment, which relies on human emotions evoked in the experience of place in time. Based on this, the article tries to describe the policies for the conservation and development of the historical place from the point of view of the person attached to the place and to discuss their difference with the expert policies based on place dependence. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative approach, a case study strategy, a guided qualitative content analysis method and a semi-structured interview method were used from a targeted sample of people attached to the Amirchakmaq Mosque in Yazd as a well-known historical architecture. The findings show the fundamental differences between the policies and criteria for the conservation and development of the historical place in the attitude of the dependent and attached person in terms of type, priority and purpose. The attached person describes the policy and criteria of development in the direction of conservation, with the focus on human beings and their emotions, with the priority of preserving, strengthening and grounding the emotional interactions between individuals and the person with the historical place, and on the other hand, the dependent person prefers the policy and criteria of development over conservation and defines it as needs-oriented in order to meet economic needs and with the priority of the criterion of creating economic vitality, and it considers conservation apart from development centered on the capabilities of the place in order to achieve the goal of development and its criterion. conservation and development historical place place attachment place dependence need and emotion. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1499-en.docx

14-1535 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Alireza Razeghi Razeghi@art.ac.ir Arefe Mousavi arefe.msvi1993@gmail.com Cultural heritage is actually considered a part of society's culture, whose tangible and intangible dimensions represent the identity of different societies. This heritage not only includes historical properties, but also includes traditions or living identity such as performing arts, oral traditions, rituals, events, celebrations, knowledge and skills of traditional production and handicrafts. This research aims to identify the evolution of international approaches in recognizing intangible heritage and its conservation. It also seeks to answer the question, what has been the evolution of international approaches in dealing with the conservation of intangible cultural heritage during five decades from 1973 to 2023 based on related documents provided on UNESCO website? In order to determine more accurate and clear dimensions of intangible heritage values. The research method used in this study is of qualitative type and was prepared and set up with the method of content analysis of the documents of UNESCO meetings held in relation to intangible heritage. The results of this research indicate that in the period of the first 20 years (from 1973 to 1993), the most important issues are focused on background issues, identifying, defining and enacting laws, regulations, and statement to sensitize different communities about the nature and importance of intangible heritage and its conservation. But from 1993 to 2023, the approaches have been towards presenting policy and planning for the implementation of formulated programs, documenting its results, and finally revising the laws and regulations established to promote the conservation of intangible heritage and finally, cultural, natural, anthropological issues and social responsibility, peace and integrity, health and techniques have been identified during these processes. This research indicates us what aspects intangible cultural heritage has and what aspects of it have been the focus of the international community until now, because the identification of the mentioned issues can be especially effective in our country in the type of expert community with the management of intangible heritage conservation. Intangible cultural heritage Conservation International approaches Assessment UNESCO 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1535-en.docx

14-1538 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي h.bahrani@aui.ac.ir m.amiryosefi@aui.ac.ir Mahmoud Ghalehnoee m.ghalehnoee@aui.ac.ir nazaninnoursobhi@yahoo.com In Iran, a large amount of fossil fuel is burned every day to produce different kinds of energy. This issue causes severe environmental pollution such as air pollution, thermal pollution and etc in this area. For this reason, it is necessary to use renewable energy and inactive systems. Because by using this kind of energy and systems, low-cost solutions can be provided to improve the climatic conditions of this geographical area which is in a hot and humid climate. In order that the use of this type of systems has a very long history in Iranian ancient architecture. These systems had usually emerged and developed in the form of various vernacular elements. But nowadays, they are usually ignored by contemporary architects and urban designers. In this research, as a first step, Senasir has been briefly introduced. Then, as a second step, the behavior of certain inspiration modules derived from Senashir had been analyzed by Fluent as an appropriate software (This software is usually used in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)). This research intends to analyze and investigate the behavior of modules -designed based on the climatic function of Senasir as one of the vernacular and architectural elements of historical part of Bushehr- to achieve thermal comfort in spaces which have large scale, especially in hot and humid climates. Because currently we have a lot of problems achieving thermal comfort in this kind of space by using mechanical and electronic systems. Based on the analysis, these modules narrow the air flow along the duct. This issue will reduce the air pressure and increase its speed at the end of the channel. For the last step, a wall which was made by these modules was analyzed and the result showed that the modules have positive effect on natural ventilation and increasing the speed of air flow in the spaces. Senasir airflow-boosting modules natural ventilation hot and humid climate FLUENT 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1538-en.docx

14-1519 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Siavash Mirfattahi Siavash.mirfattahi@gmail.com Gholamhossein Memarian2 memarian@iust.ac.ir Sajad Moazen sajadmoazen@iust.ac.ir Avideh Kamrani4 avidehkamrani@iust.ac.ir The theoretical foundations that take into account the nature of the garden as a whole are defined as the first step in the process of protecting historical gardens. The purpose of this article is to establish a framework for the creation of the theoretical foundations for the preservation of Iran's historical gardens, Due to their values, historical significance. In Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for The Sustainable Management of The Historic Environment Heritage published in 2008 values are classified according to: Evidential Values, Historical Values, Aesthetic Values and Communal Values. This article, using texts related to the cultural landscape, the Bora Charter, the Florence Charter, the Venice Charter, and articles and books related to the protection of gardens and historical landscapes, the framework and processes to achieve the conservation management plan, affected by global experiences are introduced. The proposed protection measures have been carried out using books and resources published by some Iranian garden researchers and organizations responsible for the protection of historical gardens in England, which has a long history in landscape design and protection of historical gardens. The effectiveness of the approach suggested is supported by international experiences, numerous revisions to the intervention's fundamentals made by relevant academic experts, and general recommendations. Additionally, to safeguard the already-existing structures in the historical gardens, the Society for the Protection of Historical Buildings' recommendations and how closely they conform to the principles of the Venice Charter have been examined. This research offers a solid foundation on which to decide how to safeguard the garden's heritage values. The result of the article was briefly presented in a table entitled the processes of the management program for the protection of historical gardens and the input and output documents of each stage of the program in three sections: input documents, processes and output documents. The input documents section was divided based on architectural system, planting system, water system, landscape system and functional system. the processes required to obtain the documents of the protection management program are presented in the following order: 1. Management of the integrity of the protection program 2. Protection of the texture and connection of environmental components with the garden 3. Allocating use to the garden 4. Protection of the building related to the garden 5. Protection of the natural components of the garden (plants and trees) 6. Protection of landscape architectural features. And at the end, the necessary output documents for the 5 initial stages, planning, implementation, control and monitoring and termination were mentioned.   Historical garden conservation conservation management plan integrity Iranian garden systems 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1519-en.docx

14-1571 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي fateme goosheh f.goosheh.aui@gmail.com amirhossein karimi a.karimi@aui.ac.ir nader shayganfar n.shayganfar@aui.ac.ir Articles 558 to 569 of the Islamic Penal Code, ratified in 2013, are dedicated to crimes against cultural heritage. These crimes are considered non-compoundable and fall under the category of offenses against public interests. It is crucial to note that law (e.g., legislative enactments) and doctrine (e.g., expert opinions) constitute two primary sources of legal principles. Establishing a relationship between these two sources is vital for addressing legal deficiencies and formulating more cohesive regulations. In this context, institutionalizing restoration-related discussions—such as restoration doctrines—extends their relevance beyond elite circles and into the public domain, aligning with the principle of the rule of law, which is fundamental in public law. The concept of intervention is a critical aspect of restoration doctrine, defined by criteria such as adherence to the principle of minimal intervention, material compatibility, and differentiation between restored and historical components. Any intervention that deviates from these criteria is considered unprincipled. This study seeks to explore the relationship between these two domains by addressing the following research question: How is the concept of unprincipled intervention reflected in the Islamic Penal Code concerning crimes against cultural heritage? The primary objective is to define unprincipled intervention and examine its correlation with the crimes specified in the Islamic Penal Code. Employing a qualitative and comparative approach, the findings reveal that although the term "intervention" is not explicitly mentioned in the Penal Code, its implicit meaning aligns with provisions related to offenses such as destruction (Article 558), structural instability (Article 560), encroachment on historical site boundaries (Article 563), restoration, repair, alteration, renewal, or expansion (Article 564), and change of use (Article 566). Furthermore, the objects of intervention and the modes of its communication exhibit significant parallels between restoration doctrine and the Penal Code.   Intervention Islamic Penal Code Restoration Doctrine Unprincipled Restoration. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1571-en.docx

14-1509 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي davod emami mehraz.emami@ymail.com m.reza owlia m.r.owlia@aui.ac.ir Roland Barthes' "death of the author" theory offers anew reading of the relationship between the author and the reader and the text.By emphasizing the role of the reader in the process of understanding, Barthes reviews the role of the author and promotes the indeterminacy of meaning.This article examines the theory of Roland Barthes with analytical and descriptive method. This article tries to answer the question that what is the relationship between Barthes's theory and the conservation of architecture. First, by describing the central textof architecture, this article deals with the adaptation of this theory to architecture, and then by referring to two hidden meanings within the theory, the author's death. explained and pointed out theoretical contradictions within this theory through it.The author's death theory has two different views. Ifwe interpret the death of the author as "the death of the meaning", then it will be consistent with the guest of the authorin his text and the revitalization of the audience. If we call the author's mentality the intention,it goes back to the creator. The opinion was the introduction or precursor of the author's action, and the mental purpose of that action was. In architecture, the point of view returns to the contextof time and is found in a physical location. The specificity of the intention, the sequence and role of preconceptions and cultural tradition all confirm the death of the author's intention, and the hidden antagonism is confirmed in Barthes' "death of the author". take While if we interpret the author's death as "the death of the concept", then due to the linguistic nature of the understanding, dialectic of questioning, the way of confronting the tradition and the possibility of correcting it, referring to a dictionary, the same understandings that appear and the way of expression will be questioned and invalidated. The line of intention is conflicting and belief is strengthened by the intention of belief. In architecture, the concept is related to the mentality of the creator of the work and the architect, while the concept belongs to the mentality of the audience. Misunderstanding the mental channel of the author causes confusion. The concept and meaning of something that the audience understands and this becomes personal and includes various parameters. The perception of the work is diverse due to the variety of creation and is consistent with nature and the only single phenomenon isthe creator's and author's mentality. Impressions can be close or far from the author's purpose, but continuous reading plays a significant role in layering meaning, and this does not mean that the audience will have full and comprehensive access to the author's purpose.The results of this research show that two different readingsof Barthes' "Death of the Author" can be presented.By combining with the two branches of truth and meaning, architectural conservation avoids merely leaning towards "the death of meaning" and "the death of meaning" Death of the author conservation meaning concept Roland Barthes. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1509-en.docx

14-1553 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Mojtaba Lorzangeneh m.lorzangeneh@aui.ac.ir Mahin Nastaran m.nastaran@aui.ac.ir Introduction: Today's urban development is the result of numerous agents. Although cities are the legacy of earlier civilizations, globalization, capital urbanization, and commodification occurring on a physical and planetary scale force us to reorient growth and development. The rising urbanization of Iran, and hence Kermanshah, has resulted in numerous populations moves and migrations both inside and outside the province. Furthermore, as the number of inefficient urban fabrics have increased, the deterioration in urban identity of urban fabrics has been more profound. Democracy will become passive in the power system when political culture deteriorates, citizens' participation in municipal management and development declines, and social capital decays. The final conclusion is that there is a developmental disorder. Matherials & Methods: The current research was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and the application of content analysis in the form of reviewing articles related to the development of Kermanshah city. The statistical population of this research is 129 articles related to the topic of urban planning, which focus on the development of Kermanshah city, and this total number of articles has been reviewed and analyzed completely. Moreover, by employing the triadic analysis method, the study aims to categorize the challenges of urban development into three groups: contextual, structural, and behavioral deficiencies. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results indicate that the scope of concepts and issues related to development in Kermanshah is not extensive, and there is a significant gap in addressing serious concepts deeply aligned with the metropolitan development in western Iran. Furthermore, among the structural deficiencies, with a factor loading of 0.939, the greatest impact is observed in the triadic analysis model. It is recommended that, given the significant gap in crucial development concepts, special attention be paid to cultural, social, and urban management issues within Kermanshah's development structure, as well as development and spatial planning.   urban challenges content analysis development planning The tripartite analysis model Metropolis Kermanshah 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1553-en.docx

14-1547 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي b.pedram@aui.ac.ir Considering that a city's landscape is a collection of natural and artificial elements influenced by the specific natural, cultural, social, and economic characteristics of that city, it is a realm that makes its features perceptible in both objective and subjective aspects. Today, with the introduction of modernity in the lifestyle and structure of human societies, people's activities and functions at night are more extensive than in pre-modern times. Therefore, artificial light in the absence of daylight is considered necessary and inevitable. In this context, the appropriate model for managing the urban nightscape should be one that both reveals the physical and functional manifestations and beauties of the city and emphasizes the perceptual and psychological components of citizens' night experiences. Thus, the question arises: how can achieving such a characteristic, in the shadow of subjective and objective components such as lighting - illumination, based on the structure of historical minarets, lead to qualitative and quantitative improvement of urban space in line with the diversity of social and cultural activities and the attainment of a sustainable night economy? In this research, by referring to relevant sources and current international documents, in addition to defining and explaining the concept, the approach to improving the city's landscape has been taken to reach a level of readability quality in the city's nighttime appearance, which is based on the lighting of destroyed minarets in the historical city of Isfahan. By lighting along the length of the minarets as a light column, emphasizing the elongated form of the minaret's architecture in an abstract manner, the location and identity of these buildings within the city become possible at night. The aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between the method of lighting and one of the prominent architectural elements of Isfahan, which shows it in a way based on historical-cultural identity and connection and continuity with the achievement of a key element from the industrial age. This demonstrates that increasing the quality of place and understanding the concept of sense of belonging is the role of technology and a new type of lighting in enhancing the physical-social concept of sense of belonging and its effect in transforming the environment into a prominent and recognized city alongside other notable cities of the world. This research is a qualitative study in which, by examining urban conservation regulations and collecting data through library and field studies and various images from the study area, it has been conducted. The findings indicate that the amount and method of lighting replacing the destroyed minarets, as mentioned, can have a positive impact on improving the nightscape of Esfahan. Night view of Isfahan international regulations for the protection of historical cities minaret lighting 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1547-en.doc

14-1542 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي behzad vasigh vasiq@jsu.ac.ir Education as one of the main recommendations of Islam led to the construction of schools in Iran. One of these developments in school architecture was happened after that residence and education areas were merged due to the growth of students of religious sciences after the establishment of the Safavid government. The purpose is finding a method of spatial separation and adaptation of school form to the needs of users, demarcation of private and public areas and architectural form adaptation to the prevalence of formal-informal teaching methods in schools of safavid and qajarid eras. Therefore, relying on quantitative and qualitative methods, including case study and analysis based on the method of spatial syntax, functional boundaries between public and private areas and the formation of non-formal teaching space as a method of education in schools are expressed. Data collection was performed based on library studies, observation, drawing and software simulation. the question is answered that the physical system of schools, how many schools have been able to responce the educational-residential system? The hypothesis is that spatial order based on readability and convexity of vision has been effective in the formation and differentiation of private-public areas and making formal-informal education in schools. In the analysis of schools, three tools of spatial step diagram, vision cone and permeability have been used. results show; The spatial arrangement of the schools is such that, despite the view from the courtyard, the only neighborhoods that will be public; Like the Madras and the Ivan and the entrance have the highest attendance. The shape of the entrance, the way of landscaping, the ratio of length and width of the yard, the depth and number of Madras, the presence of side courtyards and the number of Hojras in addition to separating the spaces are the main factors that are analyzed. it is possible to separate the three areas of formal education, non-formal teaching and school accommodation by the way of entering the yard, the shape of the yard and the landscaping method, redefining the porch space and teacher depth, emphasizing Ivancheh's special personality and organizing Hojra pointed to the Madras. Hojras are arranged in such a way that they are in the least visible to each other and only the Ivans will be present. The spatial arrangement of the schools show that, despite the view from the courtyard, Madras and the Ivans and the entrance have the highest attendance. Spatial division spatial arrngement schools Safavid Qajar. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1542-en.docx

14-1514 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Milad Mohsenzadeh Karimi mohsenzadeh2500@gmail.com In most of the Archeological researches of Iran, Ancient buildings have been examined from the point of view of Describing Architectural Structures and their Function and Use, but from the point of view of Structural Engineering knowledge, these buildings have been less discussed, and the Buildings of the Historical era are not exception to this general rule. One of the most important aspects that can be mentioned in connection with the investigation of an Ancient Building is the Structural studies of that work. Conducting Structural studies in connection with Computer Modeling and finally Structural Analysis of the desired Building is very important. One of the important aspects in Structural studies is to know and examine the Materials used in Buildings. Survey the Construction Materials of Ancient Buildings is very Important in Discussions related to the restoration and improvement of these Buildings. In this regard, we have investigated Stone sample and Brick samples obtained from the Site of  Khosrow's Palace in Qasre Shirin, which is one of the most Famous Sits Attributed to the Sassanid Empire era. This research is based on 1. Library Studies, 2. Field Investigation and 3. Laboratory Studies in a Descriptive-Analytical Way.The Laboratory Studies included Compressive Strength Tests and Water Absorption Tests, which were conducted on two Brick Samples and one Stone Sample of Khosrow Palace. In the topic related to Structural studies, Compressive Strength Test and Water Absorption Test are among the most important criteria for Evaluating the Quality and determining the Strength and Stability of Bricks and Materials in general. The most central question answered in this research is: What is the quality of the building materials used in Khosrow's Palace, based on the tests conducted? The results of Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Tests on Bricks show their relatively Suitable and Acceptable Quality, and the Compressive Strength Test on Stone sample shows its high Strength, that these Materials (Brick and Stone) were used by the Architects of that period to Build Khosrow's Palace.   Architecture Khosrow's Palace Brick Compressive Strength Test Water Absorption Test 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1514-en.docx

14-1588 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي mozaffar abbaszadeh Mo.abbaszadeh@urmia.ac.ir raheleh parvin Raheleh.parvin2015@gmail.com Mosques, due to their mission, possess numerous symbols and apparent indicators. Contemplation and reflection on each of the constituent elements of their architecture evoke Islamic identity. For instance, pondering the existence of inscriptions with themes from Hadiths and Quranic verses, integrated with the concepts of various forms used in the architectural components of mosques, is of significant importance. Specifically, in mihrabs, which are considered the essential elements of mosques, the spirituality directed towards the heavens in the essence of their architecture warrants investigation. This matter, fundamentally transitioning from appearance to essence, plays a crucial role in accessing the effects of divine truths amidst the complexities of contemporary individual and social life. Thus, the perception of thought and the form of divine themes emerge in the context of purity and clarity, with the connection of expression and contemplation, intellect, and emotions. Therefore, the present study aims to harmonize this significance in both inner and outer aspects by examining the iconography of the mihrab of Urmia Jameh Mosque as an archetype of the Ilkhanid period. In this regard, by posing the question, “What is the meaning of the forms used in the mihrab of Urmia Jameh Mosque?” Erwin Panofsky’s iconology method was studied with a qualitative research approach, of a descriptive-analytical (inductive) type, the levels of description, analysis, and interpretation. Using the iconology method, which resembles a semi-formal analysis, the study examined patterns and forms that contain meanings. In this context, Erwin Panofsky’s approach was utilized in reading, narrating, and interpreting the work in three stages: pre-iconographic description, analysis, and interpretation. Thus, after initial findings, with the assumption of transitioning from the material world to absolute spirituality behind the appearance of two pilasters and two arches accompanied by verses and Hadiths, the analysis proceeds at the secondary level. What emerges is the recognition of conventional signs in line with the deterrence of notable tangible and spiritual functions. Finally, at the third level, the study interprets the continuity of certain forms in the mihrab of Urmia Jameh Mosque in confrontation with infinite elements. It claims the existence of human pattern concepts behind the Ilkhanid vegetal motifs used, in the realm of transitioning from appearance to essence, representing the convergence of material status in the position of spirituality. The repetition of patterns indicates an encounter behind these forms with eternal elements. The results of reading the appearance of the mihrab components indicate the concepts of primary human propositions; love for the Creator, sanctification of the self in returning to inner nature, the confrontation of good and evil, etc., following the use of natural motifs (plants); which are metaphors for paradise and reminders of the Creator. Icon Architecture Mihrab Jameh Mosque Urmia. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1588-en.docx

14-1577 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي ahmad sarrafzadeh ah.sarrafzadeh@tabriziau.ac.ir Parisa Hashempour p.hashempour@tabriziau.ac.ir Minou Gharehbaglou m.gharehbaglou@tabriziau.ac.ir One of the aspects affecting the formation of architecture is the importance of culture, which has been formed by The facade is an important part of the architectural body and is a part of the structure of the urban body and a representation of ideas. The ideas affecting the formation of the facade are presented as a coherent concept and in order to create attractiveness and creates different levels of permanence. But the rapid development of architecture has led to chaotic facades that are far from the deep concepts of permanence and in contradiction with the mentioned cases. For this reason, facade construction in the houses of Tabriz city has been investigated as one of the examples in Iranian architecture, in order to address the levels created in the concept of permanence in a comparative series between ideas. Therefore, the aim of the research is to achieve the relationship between the lasting architectural patterns by matching the Qajar and Pahlavi periods of Tabriz houses and answering the questions. The research method has been carried out with a quantitative and qualitative approach, which, in qualitative dimensions, adjusts the initial model and creates effective indicators on the research topic. According to the indicators obtained from theoretical bases, the quality is measured by experts. In this part, the numerical evaluation is done with the entropy method and finally, by applying the component on the registered houses of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in Tabriz, it ends with logical inferences and conclusions. In this way, selected samples from among the sample population with higher weights are determined and finally, in the framework of the research, evaluation and analysis are done.  The findings show that the concepts affecting durability in different periods and components have different levels. The superficial layers of fashionism , the semi-deep layer of stylistism and the deep layer of cultural values. So that the durability components to create deep layers were placed in the Qajar period and some in a limited way in the Pahlavi period. Understanding the concepts of permanence under the influence of culture and the meanings associated with it is an effective basis for creating a lasting role in the deep layers of architecture. Finally, the culture and thoughts related to it have created lasting and valuable patterns that create a long life for all layers. For this reason, the formation of facade patterns in architecture, to achieve a deep level, should be created following cultural values ​​and meanings related to it. In general, the understanding of hidden concepts in different aspects of sustainability can be considered under the influence of the culture of the society and the context.   immortality façade design Qajar houses Pahlavi houses Tabriz. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1577-en.docx

14-1584 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Siddiqa Mehri sedighe.mehri88@gmail.com Tawheed Hatami Khanghahi t_hatami@uma.ac.ir Vahid Vaziri vaziri.vahid@uma.ac.ir Security has always been a fundamentally important and essential concern for humans. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for security is positioned immediately after physiological needs as one of humanity's most critical requirements. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of urban architecture on women's sense of security in Tabriz. Specific goals include identifying the physical components of urban architecture related to women's security, determining the most influential components, and measuring the degree of impact for each component. This descriptive research employed a survey methodology. Library and documentary studies were utilized to develop the theoretical framework. Data were collected field-based (via a researcher-made questionnaire) using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method from 387 women aged 15 to 80 in Tabriz. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (0.781). Data analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation and regression tests. Results indicated that women in Tabriz report a high sense of security. Questionnaire items related to physical structure, visual disturbances/proportions, women-specific activities, spatial reputation, and public transportation services showed the greatest impact on women's perceived security. Hypothesis testing revealed statistically significant correlations (p<0.01) at the 99% confidence level between women's mean security perception ranking and physical form and environmental quality in Tabriz. Additionally, significant correlations (p<0.05) at the 95% confidence level were found between women's security perception and the meaning index in urban design, physical domain services/activities, and urban mobility and access conditions.   Urban architecture women's sense of security urban place reputation physical space Tabriz 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1584-en.docx

14-1585 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Bahador erfan Bahador_erfan@yahoo.com a.danaeinia@aui.ac.ir The creativity of architects in designing arches and the technology used in them has led to a high diversity of arch covers in the architecture of bazaars, catering to the varied audience. Despite this significance, the geometry of arches in general and Kaujave arches in particular has not been adequately examined. This research aims to understand the geometry and nature of small arches in Kaujave by addressing the question of what characteristics the divisions and geometry of Kaujave arches possess, and how the various geometric forms in the arch openings of Kaujave are represented. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on field analysis. To this end, 28 Kaujave arch segments within the historic bazaar of Kashan were selected and analyzed. The findings reveal that the divisions of an arch segment in Kaujave are either even or odd. The rotation of the main keystone contributes to diversity in the arch's geometry. The geometry of the arch openings appears in forms that are crenellated, pointed, or a combination of both. The heights of Kaujave arches show variability. The results indicate that the geometric form of the arch openings can be either uniform or non-uniform, realized in 9 variations and 4 main categories, with the five-and-seven arch design being the most frequent. The width variations show greater fluctuations compared to the length variations, and the plans of Kaujave arches can take forms of trapezoids, parallelograms, or rectangles.   Kashan bazaar Theoretical geometry Geometric context Arch cover Kajave arch. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1585-en.docx

14-1591 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Reza Hoseini Keshtan hosynireza@yahoo.com Ansz1362@yahoo.com hossein.rahmani60@gmail.com The historical site of Belqis is located 3 kilometers south of the city of Esfarayen in North Khorasan Province. This site was registered in 2009 as a national heritage with the number 4497. The area currently identified as the Belqis site encompasses "Nārin Qale" and the present limits of the "Shārestān", totaling approximately 150 hectares. The restoration work carried out on the outer body of the western wall of Nārin Qale has been affected by rainfall, leading to erosion and damage. Whether the construction error of the restoration wall was the main factor causing this destruction is the question of this research. The aim of this research is to investigate the construction method of the structure and the role of this construction in the occurrence of damage. This applied research describes the damage conditions and analyzes the behavior of the restoration wall through field and library studies. The findings show that due to the construction error, the restoration wall has not been able to reliably direct and dissipate its weight towards the ground and ensure its stability. This study highlights a similar risk for the restoration wall that covers the entire outer body of the citadel fence as a protective layer. Belqis site Adobe architecture Nārin Qale Conservation and Restoration Pathology. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1591-en.docx ‎ 10.52547/mmi.217.3

14-1611 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Alireza Rajabipoor Meybodi rajabipoor@yazd.ac.ir seyed sina amasoumi sinamasoumiii@gmail.com Mohammad Hosein asgharpour m.h.asgharpour7777@gmail.com Anttiroiko, A. V. (2015). City branding as a response to global intercity competition. Growth and change, 46(2), 233-252. Appadurai, A. (1988). The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge University Press. Bourdieu, P. (2018). The forms of capital. In The sociology of economic life. Routledge. González, L. R., & Gale, F. (2023). Sustainability as economic value pluralism: Implications for urban politics and policy. Hofstede, G. (2003). What is culture? A reply to Baskerville. Accounting, organizations and society, 28(7-8), 811-813. Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place branding, 1, 58-73. Mommaas, H. (2004). Cultural clusters and the post-industrial city: Towards the remapping of urban cultural policy. Urban studies, 41(3), 507-532. Norberg-Schulz, C. (2013). The phenomenon of place. In The urban design reader. Routledge. Ripoll Gonzalez, L., & Gale, F. (2023). Sustainable city branding narratives: a critical appraisal of processes and outcomes. Journal of Place Management and Development, 16(1), 20-44. Saeida Ardekani, S., Ghanbari, F., Rezaaei, M. R., & Rajabipoor Meybodi, A. (2021). Designing a city branding model with a tourism development approach in Shiraz. Regional Planning, 11(41), 101-118. Seamon, D. (2018). Architecture and phenomenology. In The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Architectural History.   cultural cluster cultural capital windcatcher value chain. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1611-en.doc

14-1614 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Ali Sadeghi habibabad alisadeghi@yu.ac.ir Faezeh Asadpour faezeh.asadpour@sru.ac.ir A section of a city containing buildings, landmarks, and valuable architectural and historical monuments is recognized as a historical fabric and cultural heritage. These areas are often protected and maintained across various countries due to their significant historical and cultural importance, making their preservation and revival vital. During the restoration and renovation of such sites, adhering to principles and standards for cultural heritage conservation is essential to retain their historical identity and culture. This study aims to revisit and assess the influential factors in design within historically significant precincts to safeguard their physical identity. The core hypothesis suggests that the overarching design elements of interstitial interventions, including "identity-symbolic components," "functional elements," "structural features," and "environmental aspects" collectively have a positive impact on preserving the physical identity of historical monuments. By collaborating with experts and conducting an extensive analysis of these factors, this research seeks to highlight the importance of maintaining and strengthening the physical identity of historical fabrics through Infill Architecture approaches. Such discussions could greatly contribute to enhancing the physical identity of historical precincts and provide deeper insights into the factors influencing it. The methodology employed in this study combines descriptive-analytical and survey-based approaches. First, an exhaustive review of existing literature was conducted to meticulously analyze the significant elements of interstitial design. Following this, a theoretical model was developed to evaluate the research hypotheses, and a statistical sample comprising experts in architecture, restoration, and urban planning was selected. Data collection was facilitated using a structured questionnaire, while structural equation modeling was utilized for data analysis. Overall findings indicate that all the studied factors (identity-symbolic, functional, structural-environmental, and ecological) positively influence Infill Architecture, which in turn shows a positive impact on preserving the architectural identity of historical structures.    Infill Architecture Historical Structures Iranian Architecture Physical Identity 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1614-en.docx

14-1546 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Mahdi nasirian mahdi.nasirian@modares.ac.ir Mojtaba Ansari ansari-m@modares.ac.ir Classification and specifically typology is a scientific method for a more complete and accurate coverage of various subjects; A process whose result can help to produce and explain concepts in the field of theory and practice. Studying phenomena and concepts in categories that are different from each other, while revealing the differences at different levels, paves the way for the correct understanding of each one. However, if the typology process is not carried out properly and in compliance with its special considerations, it not only loses its efficiency, but also causes fundamental ambiguities that make it more difficult to understand the desired category. Therefore, it is necessary to perform the classification with the correct selection of criteria and necessary tools. Persian garden is one of the most prominent and oldest manifestations of landscaping in the history of human civilization, which is the product of the cultural and historical interaction of man with nature. Persian garden has a fundamental and significant place in Iran in different scales of environmental design such as architecture and urban planning.  It is basically a cultural and multi-dimensional phenomenon that is a manifestation of many meanings in its nature. This wonderful phenomenon in the history of art and architecture, despite maintaining its main elements and fundamental concepts, has been designed and implemented in various ways. This has caused a part of the historical studies of the Persian garden to be directed to the knowledge of its types. The persian garden has been classified into different categories and types; These classifications, despite their number and variety, have significant shortcomings and doubts. Considering the importance of knowing the different dimensions of the persian garden, the present research seeks to collect the different classifications and typologies provided by Iranian and non-Iranian researchers and historians, and then due to To examine the specific sensitivities of the typology process and to reveal possible ambiguities, inadequacies and defects. For this purpose, the opinions of the experts were studied and collected in the form of written sources, using the library method, and then analyzed through the process of synthesis. process chosen for synthesis in this research is in accordance with Roberts' six-step model, which has been followed step by step. After examining the classifications as well as analyzing the findings, the results show that the classifications made for the Persian garden are in accordance with the different intellectual paradigms of the experts in indicators such as the criterial approach. The criteria, strategy, studied courses and the number of classes are different. Also, in the primary researches, separation and classification of the Persian garden was done only by providing descriptions about the physical features such as the design and physical structure of the garden, and the attention was focused on the formal aspects and its appearance differences. But with the passage of time in later researches, Persian gardens were classified based on criteria such as outstanding use and their special elements and components, and each type of Iranian garden was given a special name   persian garden criticism classification typology synthesis. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1546-en.docx

14-1562 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Homayoon Nooraie hnooraie@gmail.com Seyed Mohammad Shokrani mohammadshokrani1374@gmail.com Razieh Fatahian fatahianraziyeh0909@gmail.com Urban fabric degradation is recognized as one of the most critical challenges facing contemporary cities. Over time, and with the evolving biological, social, cognitive, and economic needs, the once functional urban environments are no longer capable of addressing the current demands. These areas now face a range of issues, including socio-economic disparities, environmental concerns, structural decay, and accessibility limitations. Consequently, urban decay has become a significant challenge for urban management. Therefore, there is an increasing need for innovative approaches to the regeneration and improvement of these urban areas, aimed at enhancing urban living quality and ensuring their adaptability to contemporary conditions. In this context, culture-based regeneration, with an emphasis on cultural components and representations, has emerged as an innovative and effective solution to address this growing problem. The current research is descriptive-analytical with the aim of evaluating the worn-out fabrics of Baghbahadoran city based on the re-generation of a culture-based approach. The metrics extracted from theoretical and experimental bases have been collected by the library, observational data, and researcher-made questionnaire. The total sample size was 347 through the classified method. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the content validity method was used by using the views of experts in the field of the present study. The reliability of the research questionnaire was also measured using the internal consistency method through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire questions was 0.974; therefore, due to the fact that the Cronbach's alpha value was greater than 0.9, this reliability value placed the questionnaire in the excellent category. The analysis method of the present study was the best-worst method (BWM), based on which a weighted score was assigned to each of the components and measures. As a multi-criteria decision-making method, this method has enabled accurate and logical prioritization of effective elements in culture-based urban regeneration and has also helped improve the decision-making process. The results indicate that among the three worn-out fabrics of Baghbahadoran city, The deteriorated fabric of neighborhood Bagh Bahadoran, with the highest scores in social, cultural, economic, environmental, and transportation components, ranks first and has the greatest potential for utilizing the culture-based regeneration approach. The presence of valuable historical structures such as Chaharborj, proximity to the river, and easy access to it are factors that enhance this potential. The deteriorated fabric of neighborhood Dorabat ranks second, while neighborhood Malek Abad ranks third with less potential. Worn out fabric Regeneration Culture Regeneration of culture base Baghbahadoran city 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1562-en.docx

14-1569 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي somayyeh hassanisaleh s.hassanisaleh.srbiau@gmail.com iraj etesam i.etessam@srbiau.ac.ir Hossein zabihi hossein.zabihi@iau.ir mohammadjavad mahdavinejad mahdavinejad@modares.ac.ir In the architectural design process, the choice of building form is one of the most important challenges and is influenced by three key characteristics: beauty, utility, and innovation; utility and innovation rely on relatively clear rules, but beauty, due to its inherent uncertainty, is always accompanied by doubt. This ambiguity causes the influence of personal tastes and issues outside the art system on the judgment and evaluation of architectural works. In his meta-theory, Luhmann introduced beauty as a key factor in the relationship between the "social system of art" and the environment and other systems, and by this means tried to prevent other systems from dominating the art system. Main question: How can the ambiguities arising from aesthetic uncertainty be reduced in the evaluation of architectural works? Goal: Controlling the uncertainty of evaluating architectural works using a model derived from Luhmann's "social systems" perspective and fuzzy thinking Method: Luhmann's view on self-creating relationship (autopoiesis) was used as the basis for extracting criteria for evaluating building form. Using the "internal relationship measurement method", the connections and effects between the criteria were examined. The "fuzzy network analysis process" was used to determine the weights of the criteria. Four monuments of contemporary Iranian architecture were evaluated based on this structure. Results: The findings from the FANP model in examining four monuments indicated that the Mausoleum of Khayyam was successful in terms of the desired communication framework, with a definite weight of 0.363. This building, with features such as value, shape, materials, color, and formal coherence, represents a successful combination of traditional and modern Iranian architecture. Therefore, the fuzzy network process based on Luhmann's perspective can be efficient in selecting superior forms, but with the increase in criteria and pairwise comparisons, it is time-consuming and requires a software facilitator. Using this method can reduce the influence of personal tastes in evaluating architectural works and create greater stability in the evaluations.   Beauty communication Luhmann autopoiesis decision making 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1569-en.doc

14-1604 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي seyed mohammad kazemi S.m.kazemi@sau.ac.ir Abstract : Fahadan Square is one of the historical squares of Yazd. A look at the research related to this square shows that no research based on historical-cultural function has been conducted so far that can determine the status and value of the square. The primary role of this site in the past as a local communication route and, at one point in time, as a local cemetery has caused ambiguity about its historical status. In addition, the existence of historical elements around the square, such as the Tomb of the Twelve Imams, the Zia'iyyah School (Iskander Prison), and the Fahadan Husseiniyeh, has been a testament to its historical and cultural richness for centuries. This research seeks to answer the question: What historical and cultural characteristics can be identified from the reinterpretation of Fahadan Square in Yazd? This article attempts to examine the historical role of Fahadan Square from the perspective of its residents and people, using the grounded theory research method. The tools of this qualitative method are library study, field research, and especially the interview method. Accordingly, in a process, data extracted from research results in concepts, then in categories, and finally in theory. The results of data analysis show that, based on the grounded theory method, the characteristic of remembrance as a fundamental role in the Fahadan square has a relatively high validity. Also, the square has played an effective role as a key node in providing spiritual identity and religious beliefs from the perspective of the local people. Therefore, it seems that these two selected codes have strengthened the social and cultural life of residents in the historical context of Yazd city in the past decades. Grounded Theory Research Method Fahadan Field Yazd Remembrance Cultural Identity 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1604-en.docx

14-1561 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Amir Davood Maslahatjoo amir.maslahatjoo@gmail.com Maryam Ghasemi Sichani ghasemisichanimaryam@gmail.com Vahid Ghobadian v-ghobad@yahoo.com Bijan Abdolkarimi abdolkarimi.12@gmail.com Postmodernism is the dominant aspect of the time belief that re-programs all actions; As far as the centralized power gives way to discrete plurality, It reveals a manifestation of contemporaneity in the; which is the result of self and other identity dialectic. This treatise, with the analyzing and interpreting the identity of Iran contemporary architecture, based on postmodernism and critical thought purpose, in a historical-interpretive analysis in a qualitative method and using the Grounded theory approach, looking for the best answer for this question that How can dialectic of identity as a critical approach affect the recognition of postmodern architecture, especially in Iran contemporary era? Therefore, by representing different levels of identity in architecture and its potential functions, it achieves a kind of abstract manifestation of a radical architecture; which due to ambiguity, openness and realistic indeterminacy of continuity in the same change and order after disorder, results in a temporary transition between alternative situations; and due to its interactive feature, emphasizes the seasonal complexity of that situation in a program-oriented and practical function and far from de-identity; which is inevitable event! Hence, by repeatedly questioning the presuppositions of the problem, it raises new questions; that indicates the feasibility of applying critical realism in giving identity to contemporary Iranian architecture and the physical application of identity dialectic in it. To this end, the data was collected and analyzed in a systematic way in the form of semi-structured interviews with professors and architectural experts - who are engaged in both academic and professional activities - and the answers in the 17th interview reached the highest level of saturation. The mean agreement of 90.37%, indicating relatively complete reliability, and the criterion level coverage of more than 0.6 Kappa, describe the reliability as ideal. Therefore, the quality index of the research is accepted and the validity and reliability of the research is confirmed and the result of the research can be evaluated and interpreted by examining the criteria of believability, transferability, confirm-ability and reliability. The findings show that the result of causal variables summation in the mediating conditions of existing situation, results in an event; that developed in a realistic attitude between truth (narcissism to self-loss) and essence (self-belief), and in a historical discourse between the re-reading of “what is BE”, and re-presentation of “what was should BEEN”, as negative (and not positive), in the reading of a critical realism, is "BECOMING" and determines the way of "BEING" in a self-reflective evaluation of a feedback interpretation; Now that is indeterminate ego! Postmodernism Critical Realism Event Identity Iran Contemporary Architecture (ICA). 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1561-en.docx

14-1583 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Ali Yahyaie yahyaie@neshabur.ac.ir The Fakhrīya Madrasa of Sabzevar is among the old educational buildings of Khurasan; however, particularly in later periods, it has been erroneously attributed to the Buyid Amirs Fakhr al-Dawla al-Daylamī (d. 387 AH) and Muʿizz al-Dawla (d. 356 AH). In some contemporary narratives, it has even been presented as the oldest surviving Islamic Madrasa. The central question of this study concerns the precise date of construction of the Fakhrīya Madrasa, the true identity of its founder, and the factors that led to the formation and persistence of this erroneous attribution. The aim of the article is to critically examine historical narratives, assess the authenticity of the entrance inscription, and analyze the historical data related to the building in order to clarify the period of its construction and the identity of its patron. The research employs the historical method and is based on a critical re-reading of written sources, local reports, and architectural evidence. The findings indicate that the Fakhrīya Madrasa was constructed during the Timurid period by order of Sayyid Fakhr al-Dīn Aḥmad Sabzavārī, and that its attribution to the Buyid amirs resulted from an interpretation of the reference in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaq to the “Madrasa of the Iraq Gate,” which evokes a location in the vicinity of the Fakhrīya Madrasa, as well as from misreadings of the inscription, alterations introduced during renovation works, and the influence of contemporary politico-religious discourses. Accordingly, claims such as attributing this madrasa to the Buyid period or regarding it as the oldest Islamic madrasa appear to lack credible historical evidence. Fakhriyeh Madreseh Fakhr Al- Dowle Deilmi Fakhreddin Ahmad Sabzevari. Shiits Madreses. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1583-en.docx

14-1613 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي Parastoo Ramezani parastooramezani84@yahoo.com Hossain Ahmadi h.ahmadi@aui.ac.ir Abstract  Despite the emphasis of international heritage conservation frameworks on the inseparable relationship between cultural heritage and its tangible and intangible dimensions, dominant conservation practices remain largely material-oriented and technocratic, confining the role of the conservator to the stabilization of physical fabric. Such approaches result in the marginalization of embedded knowledge, operational practices, cultural meanings, and social mechanisms that constitute the core of intangible cultural heritage. In this context, the present study aims to redefine the position of the conservator and to address the theoretical–practical gap between tangible and intangible heritage conservation. The research is guided by the question of which approaches and processes enable the ultimate responsibility of conservation practice to contribute to the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, and what role the conservator occupies within this process. This study adopts a qualitative research design, employing Grounded Theory as its primary methodology, complemented by discourse analysis to deepen interpretive insights. Data were collected through documentary research, semi-structured interviews with experts in conservation, philosophy of art, anthropology, and archaeology, as well as field observations. The findings led to the development of a theoretical framework structured around two core axes: the inherent entanglement of tangible and intangible heritage and the mediating and interpretive role of the conservator. This framework reconceptualizes conservation as a multidimensional and participatory process in which authenticity is sought not solely in material coherence, but in the continuity of the social and identity-based meanings of heritage, thereby fostering sustainable conservation. Cultural heritage Tangible heritage Intangible heritage Conservation Heritage preservation.   01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1613-en.docx

14-1612 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي faezeh taheri sarmad faezehtaheri85@yahoo.com The morphological structure of schools in the late Qajar period, which are a turning point in the transition from traditional education to a modern educational system, not only reflected the intellectual and social developments of that era, but also formed in the context of different cities, influenced by political and cultural conditions. The city of Kermanshah, as one of the political and cultural centers in the west of the country, and the city of Birjand, which historically played a prominent role in the expansion and development of education in Greater Khorasan, were of great importance in this period. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify and compare the morphological structure that influenced the formation of schools in the cities of Kermanshah and Birjand in the late Qajar period. The morphological model in this research includes examining the nature of architecture, recognizing and comparing the physical structure and spatial organization. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical and case study method, in which four examples of the prominent schools of the late Qajar period in the mentioned cities were selected as case studies. The research tools include library studies, observation, field observations, and simulation with spatial layout software. In this study, the spatial layout method has been used to examine the organization and configuration of space, and the schools under study are compared with each other in terms of the indicators of interconnectedness, depth, connectivity (permeability), and clarity. The results indicate that the nature of the architecture of schools in both cities is a combination of traditional Iranian and classical Iranian-Western architecture, with the difference that in Birjand, Western elements have been adapted to Iranian architecture. The physical structure of all schools also follows the physical continuity of traditional Iranian architecture, and indicators such as a central courtyard, introversion, and hierarchy are seen. An examination of the spatial layout indicators also shows that the central courtyard provides all educational access, and educational expansion and progress are possible through the veranda and classrooms connected to the courtyard, and spatial legibility is provided in all schools through spatial layout.   Morphology physical-spatial structure Kermanshah schools Birjand schools Qajar period. 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1612-en.docx

14-1563 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي kazem mandegari mondegari@yazd.ac.ir seyed mohammad kazemi smkazemi59@gmail.com      The Khan School of Yazd, as one of the religious schools, has developed in three different historical periods (Zand, Qajar, and Pahlavi). This periodical development seems to be usually accompanied by different architectural features. However, the interventions made in the last few decades, with extensive changes in the appearance of the school and the elimination of historical differences, have diminished its original status. Therefore, how to achieve the integrity of the monument, while recognizing the historical differences of each period, is the main issue in the conservation of the Khan School. For this purpose, it is necessary to extract the information available in the historical monument through field observation, speculation, layering, analysis, and then inference from evidence and documentation, and while conducting a comparative study, the different characteristics of each historical period should be determined. Also, based on a critical assessment of the entirety of this historical monument and an aesthetic analysis in order to achieve the artistic quality of the work, its integrity can be achieved. The results show that although the Khan Yazd School consists of numerous elements, shapes, and spaces, and all of its components play a role in creating the entirety of the building, the role of some unifying elements (Char-souq, communication spaces, courtyards) has been of particular importance. The preservation and reconstruction of these unifying elements on the one hand, and the removal of additional elements (metal trusses, central courtyard facades, metal doors, etc.) and their replacement with elements and shapes appropriate to each historical period on the other, have achieved a return to the original state of the building, and the conservation process has facilitated the path to achieving the integrity of the building while accepting historical differences.   Preservation authenticity Rehabilitation Khan School of Yazd 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1563-en.docx

14-1555 2026-07-16 10.1002

Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran mmi 2345-3850 2538-2624 10.52547/mmi شماره هاي اتي somayeh omidvari s.omidvari@sau.ac.ir hamidreza beigzadeh architect.hamid.beig@gmail.com amir omidvari amir.omidvari@yahoo.com Earth is one of the most accessible natural materials found in many parts of the world. Depending on the type of earth technology of each region and the builders skills, different natural materials has been used in the form of clay, stratum (or clay wall), rammed earth, compacted earth blocks, etc. In the last century, following the environmental crisis and the need to return to natural materials, the use of earth in architecture has doubled in all land. Among the various methods of earthen technology, the rammed earth method as a dominant model of earthen architecture and with minor changes in the technology has been able to penetrate in the architecture of many countries and to some extent develop as a suitable substitute for concrete and cement buildings in many developed countries. Historical evidence suggests that in the past, most of the construction was done with rammed earth method in hot and dry climate, but this method has flourished in many areas with humid and rainy weather. Therefore, each region has presented a special mixing plan and could present this as a native technique. This article examines the history of rammed earth, although the starting point of this technique was in East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, but the revitalization of this technique was by Francois Quanta, French architect from Lyon in the 18th century, and could create a turning point in the revival of this technique in the Europe. The publication of various books by this author and the implementation of new method of rammed earth, and the translation of these books in different countries of England, Germany, etc., were able to promote this method as a successful technique in many European and American countries. In the 20th century, the rammed earth technique was revitalized after World War II as a solution for housing and labor shortage. Although, the advent of bricks and some political decisions have led to a period of stagnation in the use of this method but environmental crises and the need to use natural and sustainable materials in construction have given a new life to this construction method. This has led to the establishment of many educational centers and institutions around the world to be able to introduce and implement this method in a better way. This article, based on the historical interpretation method, and collection of library information seeks to state the history of formation and revival of this construction method, and expressing the necessity of this method as a sustainable method and suitable construction method in different climates, including hot and dry climates, can be substituted for concrete and cement buildings.   Earth Architecture Evolution Process Rammed Earth Method History of Rammed Earth 01 0 0 http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1555-en.docx